Newcrest Mining Limited

The History & Archaeology of Cadia Valley

Maps, Reports & Glossary

HISTORICAL TIMELINE

Cornish mining techniques used at Cadia

Cadia Copper Mine, 1908, plans and sections

CADIA VILLAGE & HINTERLAND

The Post Office sketch map of Cadia, 1914

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

East & West Cadia Properties, 1878

Plan of the Cadia Properties, 1878

Plan of Alluvial Works, East Cadia Property, 1880

Plan of the Cadia Properties, 1881

Plan of the Cadia Properties, 1881, detail of Village

Number of Artifact Functions

Plans of Cadia Cemetery

Plan of the second house, Waringa

Amalgamation of Farms – Map

Amalgamation of Farms – Timeline

Sketch Plan of the homestead at Te Anau.

COPPER MINING

calcining furnace, typical of those used at Swansea, South Wales, c.1861

A smelting furnace, typical of those used at Swansea, South Wales, c.1861

During the nineteenth century, reverberatory furnaces gradually became larger

EHA Report List

237 Cadia Village Survey

269 Ridgeway Assess 1998

314 Cadia Village Assess 02

329 Cadia Smelter 1 Assess

342 Tynan’s Slaughterhouse Ex

343 Cadia Smelter 1 Ex vol 1

358 Cadia Progress Report 02

383 Waringa Hut Ex

406 Cadia Village Ex 3

417 Cadia CMP Guide EHA Report List

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Terms relating to copper mining
At grass	Ores stored ready for smelting
Bal	A mine in Cornish
Drive	Horizontal adit
Gossan	A yellow or red layer on the surface of minerals rich in iron oxide produced by alteration and leaching of sulphide ores
Matte	A mixture of metal sulphides formed during the smelting of sulphide ores. For example ores of copper or nickel
Mullock heap	A waste dump of mined rock
Mundic	A pyritic ore for copper or arsenic
Regulus	The semi-purified mass of metal that forms beneath the slag in the smelting of ore or an impure intermediate metal product created by the smelting process
Scorify	“Scoriae” are waste materials or slags. Scorification (n) or scorify (v) therefore means the removal of these waste materials
Stope	An excavation that resembles steps used especially in the mining of ore
Tribute system	A payment system based on results where groups of miners could bid for contracts based on a percentage of the value of the ore raised. Notable in Cornwall
Winze	A steeply inclined or vertical shaft between levels in a mine

The main elements of a Cornish Engine
Bob	The beam of a Cornish Engine
Bob wall	The thickened end wall of an engine house designed to take the weight and stresses caused by the motion of the bob or beam of the engine
Flat rods	A series of timbers with iron fittings designed to transfer the motion of the Cornish Engine over short distances
Pitwork	The pumping gear in mine shaft powered by a Cornish engine
Balance bob	A beam attached to pitwork or flat rods with a counterweight at its opposite end designed to neutralise the weight of the fixtures in the shaft. By this method equal energy was required for both the up and down motion of the beam engine itself
Buddles	An inclined trough where water is used to sort ores
Kibble	An iron bucket or container for hoisting ore from mine shafts

Measurements
1 Acre	4 roods = 4046.856 square metres
1 Chain	22 yards = 66 feet = 20.1168 metres
1 Link	1/100 chain = 0.201168 metre
1 Perch	30.25 square yards in area = 272.25 square feet = 25.29285 square metres
1 Rod	1 perch = 5.5 yards = 16.5 feet = 5.0292 metres linear measure
1 Rood	40 perches = 101.1714 square metres
1 Square Mile	640 acres
Dwt	Pennyweight. A unit of weight in the Troy system equal to 1.555 g or l/20 ounce. Note that d is the symbol for the penny in the imperial system of £.s.d.
Fathom	Length of 6 feet (1.82 metres)
Portion	Often 640 acres

Terms relating to reverberatory furnace construction
Air wind or draught furnace	All names for reverberatory furnaces
Ash-pit	The ash-pit is located behind or to the side of the firebox and is used to rake out ashes after smelting is completed
Buckstay	A section of iron bar – usually I section – used to support the sides of the furnace and held in place by tie-rods. Buckstays can also be of timber
Conker plate	The conker plate was located in the fire bridge and went from one side to the other at the end of the furnace. It was held in place by buckstays
Cooling vault	The space beneath the hearth of the furnace which is arched over to support the hearth
Down-take	Where furnaces are not provided with their own chimney a down-take diverts the exhaust from the furnace into the system of flues to the stack
Fire bar	The iron bars used in the firebox supported by saddle bars or iron rails
Fire bridge	The fire bridge is located between the firebox and the hearth of the furnace and is used to deflect the heat into the furnace itself
Firebox	The firebox was located behind the hearth of the furnace. It was fitted with saddle bars and fire bars for the furnace heat source
Hearth	The hearth is the floor of the furnace – usually made of sands – smelted into place
Mouth	The mouth of the furnace was located at the front. It was generally used to skim off slag but could also be used to extract or ladle the copper matte from the furnace
Saddle bar	A series of saddle bars or iron bars supported the fire bars or grate in the fire-box of the furnace
Skimming bar	The skimming bar was located at the front or mouth of the furnace. It was used to limit the extent to which the hearth could be emptied of slag or copper matte
Tap-hole	The tap-hole was usually located on the side of the furnace and was used to pour the copper matte from the furnace
Tie-rod	A series of tie rods held the buckstays in place thereby supporting the whole furnace structure

Other archaeological terms
Frog	The indent in the top of a brick to help with adherence of the mortar

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